Floyd W. Hayes, III, Ph.D., is senior lecturer at the Department of Political Science and Coordinator of Programs and Undergraduate Studies at the Center for Africana Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

"I see a growing prison-garrison state in which urban residents will become the targets of mounting police murder and incarceration." The author's grim assessment is based on the "absolute disregard for the sanctity of Black life" that marks each era of American history, from chattel slavery to the 50-bullet New York City police barrage that killed Sean Bell. Urban police practices constitute a kind or organized terror that remains essentially unchanged even after police ranks have become integrated.

"Big city police forces are infected with a culture of racism and violence that historically has sanctioned the savage and brutal treatment of Black people, other people of color, and the poor".  

Police Terror and Lawless Order

Cops work in a largely autonomous institution that sanctions, and even encourages, racialized injustice and terrorism.

When three detectives in Jamaica, Queens, murdered Sean Bell on November 25, 2006, they engaged in a rising tide of police-state terrorism in growing numbers of urban communities throughout the United States of America.  Shooting some 50 bullets at Bell, these cops not only cut short his life, but they also precluded his wedding that day to his fiancée, Nicole Paultre.  

Exactly five months later, a judge declared the police perpetrators not guilty of any criminal behavior, causing shock, grief, and resentment among family and community members.  I am outraged by the seemingly common and wanton practice of police violence and murder in this nation's urban communities, as well as by a judicial system that exonerates killer cops.  These actions represent the absolute disregard for the sanctity of Black life.  Hence, I find myself mentally rehearsing why I have come to resent cops and the (il) legal order of urban community terrorism they enforce.  

Growing to manhood in Los Angeles during the 1950s, I learned to fear and hate the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD).  This resulted from a combination of experiences, most notably the constant stories that my father, a Los Angeles County probation officer, told me about how LA cops savagely and brutally beat Black men brought into custody on charges of violating the law.

Since he worked in adult investigations, my father saw first hand the results of police assaults, as he interviewed their victims in his capacity as probation officer.  He heard countless stories of racialized and excessive police violence.
 
One reason my father recounted these events was to keep me from loitering on Los Angeles streets and corners with my friends late at night after the curfew.  Another reason was his sense of outrage and resentment that city officials tolerated, and indeed encouraged, such local-state violence against Black men.  So it was that I, like so many other Black and Latino Angelinos, developed a longstanding antagonism toward the LAPD.  At a relatively early age, I learned that the police, although sworn to uphold the criminal law, were often men full of lawless impulses.

Black and Latino communities in big cities across America have long complained about police brutality and repression.  The 1965-Watts uprising, as well as many other urban revolts during the turbulent 1960s, resulted from the abuse of police coercive power.  

Yet, wealthy and middle-class white Americans ignored these charges of racialized police terrorism and tyranny until the 1991 videotaped beating of Rodney King by LA's "gang in blue" revealed to the world how racial injustice actually is practiced in the "City of Angels."  The American practice of cultural domination gives currency mainly to white perspectives of social reality while largely silencing Black points of view.  However, the American culture of white supremacy, notwithstanding, there is no essential relationship between whiteness and rightness.

The police, although sworn to uphold the criminal law, were often men full of lawless impulses.

The order of police violence, terrorism, and murder directed at Black Americans today takes place with a systematic viciousness and savagery comparable to the dehumanizing sadism of white slave-owners, lynchers, and anti-Black rioters during the periods of chattel slavery and Jim Crow segregation.  

This is because the criminalized image of the Black man as violent and threatening (along with that of his Latino brothers) is so fixed in the white American imagination - the Black man is always already guilty of something - that the most degrading and unwarranted police violence on the Black man's body is accepted as justifiable.  This accounts for the unrestrained murder of Black men by "gangs in blue" across this nation.  

To be sure, elite white media and policy managers also demonize Black females (and their Latina sisters), framing them as prostitutes or morally reprehensible single mothers, undeserving of any societal concern.  Historically, whites have used negative representations of Blacks to rationalize the most heinous crimes against Black humanity.  In his book, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 UCLA urban historian Eric Monkkonen demonstrates that as American cities emerged and as chattel slavery declined in the nineteenth century, Blacks made the transition from chattel slaves to being characterized by white elites as members of the "dangerous classes," who were subjected to the coercive power of a developing white urban police force.  Since an anti-Black society places little or no value on the Black body, cries of racialized injustice largely go unheard.  Therefore, in the face of societal indifference, incidents of police brutality and murder of Black men and women occur with increasing frequency.

Blacks made the transition from chattel slaves to being characterized by white elites as members of the 'dangerous classes.

Some years ago, the videotaped incidents of excessive police violence in Inglewood, California, Oklahoma City, and New York City demonstrated the growing regularity of anti-Black police murder and terrorism in contemporary American society.  Because of Inglewood 's close proximity to Los Angeles, the legal battle surrounding the police assault on sixteen year-old Donovan Jackson captured national attention for a moment.

The incident reminded people of the Rodney King case a decade earlier.  Additionally, what made the Inglewood situation significant was the demographic shift from the 1970s through the 1990, as South Central Los Angeles' Black population moved further west.  Hence, formerly middle and working class white areas, like Westchester and Inglewood, now contain predominantly middle and working class Black populations.  

As with Los Angeles during the years of Mayor Thomas Bradley's regime, Inglewood 's political managers are Black, but the police force remains largely white.  Similar to inner city residents throughout America, large numbers of Blacks in Los Angeles and Inglewood regard cops as a violent and repressive occupying force.  

This reality is reminiscent of James Baldwin's comments about the New York Police Department's structure of domination in Nobody Knows My Name:

"The only way to police a ghetto is to be oppressive.... They represent the force of the white world, and that world's criminal profit and ease, to keep the Black man corralled up here, in his place.  The badge, the gun in the holster, and the swinging club make vivid what will happen should his rebellion become overt.... He moves through Harlem, therefore, like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country, which is precisely what, and where he is, and is the reason he walks in twos and threes."

Alternatively, when police savagely attack or murder Black people - for example, the well-known 1997 torture of Abner Louima and 1999 murder of Amadou Diallo by the NYPD - cops and their defenders immediately deny any racist motivation and cynically characterize each event as an "isolated incident."  When Black cops are involved, as in the Inglewood assault and the murder of Sean Bell, the denial of racism's existence is even louder, as if these cops, as adherents of the police code, could not also view the Black body as possessing little value.

Public officials (judges, politicians, and police) then legitimize or rationalize police misconduct.  In the face of public resentment and outrage, former LAPD chief Daryl Gates - whose regime largely, but unofficially, encouraged lawless and racist police behavior - often sought to rationalize unrestrained police violence in Black communities as the actions of a few bad cops.  

According to him, such conduct was an aberration.  This has become the common response of city officials.  But how should we really view the dramatically increasing numbers of savage attacks on urban Black residents and the cops who perpetrate them - as isolated incidents or as systemic repression?

"Cops and their defenders immediately deny any racist motivation and cynically characterize each event as an 'isolated incident."  

The effort to construct big city police violence against Blacks as an aberration or as the behavior of rogue cops masks the culture of racism and tyranny that historically has characterized the policing of Black and poor communities in America.  Los Angeles is a prime example.  Under a political regime established by LA's good government reform movement at the turn of the twentieth century, the mayor does not appoint the police chief.  Rather, a mayor-appointed police commission selects the chief of police.

Over the years, the police chief appropriated mounting managerial, political, and coercive power, which came to rival the mayor's authority.   In the 1980s, this often conflicting dynamic became visible during the leadership of Thomas Bradley, LA's first Black mayor and a former cop himself, when police czar Daryl Gates sought to challenge his authority.

Police power and its concomitant order of violence reached their zenith under one of Daryl Gates' predecessors, Bill Parker, who in the 1960s established LA's system of police terrorism that became the model for urban police departments throughout America.  As Joe Domanick reveals in his book, To Protect and Serve: The LAPD's Century of War in the City of Dreams, it was the iron-fisted police chief Bill Parker who built the LAPD into a white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant apparatus of organized male chauvinism that, in judgment-call situations, had a license to kill.  Significantly, the introduction of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams in 1966 set in motion the increasing militarization of the LA police force, as Christian Parenti details in Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis.

Taking over as police commissar in 1978, Gates continued and expanded the essential Parker philosophy and practice of policing Los Angeles: Give no slack and take no shit from anyone.  Confront and command.  Control the streets at all times.  Always be aggressive.  Stop crimes before they happen.  Seek  them out.  Shake them down.  Make that arrest.  Never admit that the department has done anything wrong.  

As LA's cultural, racial, and class transformation occurred after the 1960s, the LAPD's code of (mis) conduct took on an increasingly militaristic, racist, and repressive character.

"I see a growing prison-garrison state in which urban residents will become the targets of mounting police murder and incarceration."

It is against this background that we need to view mounting incidents of police brutality and murder of urban Black residents throughout America.  Significantly, the order of police violence is neither an aberration nor limited to rogue cops.  

As numerous videotapes have demonstrated over the years, cops do not operate alone and in isolation.  Rather, they work in a largely autonomous institution that sanctions, and even encourages, racialized injustice and terrorism.  Many cops in large urban centers across America are representative of the kind of decadence that often characterizes vicious police behavior; cops literally hate and fear the Blacks and Latinos inhabiting the communities they seek to control.  As the videotaped incidents of vicious police assaults on Blacks have shown, cops are willing to do anything in their twisted conception of power to dehumanize Blacks and other people of color, and to deny them the equal protection of the law.

William Muir observes in Police: Streetcorner Politicians that the use of coercive power often corrupts urban cops.  Big city police forces are infected with a culture of racism and violence that historically has sanctioned the savage and brutal treatment of Black people, other people of color, and the poor.  In short, the increasing incidents of wanton police brutality and murder of Blacks are by no stretch of the imagination "isolated incidents."  Rather, in contemporary urban America, excessive cop violence and terrorism take place with increasing regularity!

A colonial mentality, rooted in chattel slavery and imperialism, has structured the entire history of policing in urban America.  That kind of thinking and practice needs to be overturned.  An assortment of policy ideas has been advanced in order to reform police (mis) behavior, including community-based policing, racially balanced police forces, and more educated cops.  In my judgment, these reforms, even if implemented, are pipe dreams.  For a number of reasons, I am not optimistic about positive alternatives to an increasing order of police terrorism in urban America.  Rather, I see a growing prison-garrison state in which urban residents will become the targets of mounting police murder and incarceration.
 
First, the so-called war on drugs during the 1980s and 1990s resulted in the incarceration of massive numbers of young Black and Latino men and woman.  Of course, largely denied was the US government's involvement in the urban drug epidemic in the first place, as Gary Webb exposed in his important book, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.  Second, the 9/11 attacks forced the American polity to realize its vulnerability to international assault, leading governmental elites to set in motion the militarization of American society.  

Third, the public exposure of corporate elite greed, corruption, and fraud is resulting in a crisis of confidence in America 's managerial capitalist political economy.  Finally, under increasing media scrutiny for past corporate corruption, failing imperialist wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and arrogant and incompetent leadership, the George W. Bush regime is being plagued by a deepening public crisis of credibility.  Clearly, these dynamics do not constitute a political framework necessary for overturning the structure and practice of urban police violence and terrorism.

Therefore, how might American people respond to these developments?  In the face of political and corporate decadence, nihilism and social anarchy continue to mount among the exploited and disenfranchised Americans.  Fed up with increasing rates of police brutality, murder, and terrorism, angry and outraged urban residents may have no alternative but to undertake new strategies of political protest and popular resistance.  

Editor's Note:

Unfortunately, as with most things the USA sets the standard and British and European police are following the trend in policing, with black residents being brutalized, criminalized and imprisoned on a large scale.

                                                                                 The Rodney King Story

Rodney Glen King (born April 2, 1965 in Sacramento, California) is an African-American taxi driver who, in 1991 was stopped and then beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers (Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Sergeant Stacey Koon) after being chased for speeding. A bystander, George Holiday, videotaped much of the event from a distance. Part of the video was broadcast around the world and shows four LA police officers restraining and repeatedly striking a black man, while four to six other officers stand by.[1] There is no part of the tape that shows Mr. King attacking the officers.

The four officers were tried in a state court for using excessive force, but were acquitted. The jury consisted of Ventura County residents - ten whites, one Latino and one Asian. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said "The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear the uniform of the L.A.P.D". The acquittal announcement triggered the massive 4-day Los Angeles riots of 1992, one of the most intense civil disturbances in U.S. history. By the time the police, US Army, Marines and National Guard restored order, there was nearly $1 billion in damage and 55 deaths; 2,383 injuries; more than 7000 fire responses; and 3,100 businesses damaged. Smaller riots occurred in other US cities such as Las Vegas and Atlanta.